3 More Cases of Superfluous Semicolons

3 More Cases of Superfluous Semicolons 3 More Cases of Superfluous Semicolons 3 More Cases of Superfluous Semicolons By Mark Nichol A few scholars keep away from semicolons either on the grounds that they are not sure of the accentuation mark’s capacities or in light of the fact that a few people think of it as tedious, or both. It is in reality very basic and commonsense to utilize, yet be careful with utilizing one when a comma will do similarly too, as in the accompanying models, each followed by a conversation and an update. 1. Advocates contend that the flood in outside interest for US fares will reinforce the estimation of the dollar; thus, a solid dollar would build the interest for imported merchandise; consequently, the net impact on exchange is unbiased. Utilizing at least two semicolons in a single sentence to partition autonomous conditions (in a job now and then called the feeble period) is a mistake. In such a case, supplant one with a genuine period and underwrite the following word to start another sentence: â€Å"Proponents contend that the flood in remote interest for US fares will fortify the estimation of the dollar. Thusly, a solid dollar would expand the interest for imported products; along these lines, the net impact on exchange is neutral.† 2. It is an abnormal kind of experience film, in that it invests as much energy in Europe as it does in the downpour backwoods; is as regarding human sciences inquisitive about the social traditions of mid twentieth-century Britons all things considered about the indigenous people groups of the Amazon; and thinks as much about what is decimated as what may be found. At the point when a rundown of multiple expressions inside a sentence comprises of at least one expressions that themselves incorporate commas, utilizing commas to partition the more drawn out expressions will confound perusers in light of the fact that the chain of command of the sentence’s association is muddled; use semicolons (in the solid comma work) rather to separate the more drawn out expressions from one another. For this situation, in any case, the main comma in the sentence only sets the early on express off from the remainder of the announcement, and the association of the three expressions that follow is clear without falling back on semicolons; use commas rather: â€Å"It is a bizarre kind of experience film, in that it invests as much energy in Europe as it does in the downpour backwoods, is as regarding human sciences inquisitive about the social traditions of mid twentieth-century Britons all things considered about the indigenous people groups of the Amazon, and thinks as much about what is wrecked as what may be found. 3. The inspector improves data for dynamic over the association by evaluating the unwavering quality of execution measurements and observing frameworks the association has set up; utilizing explanatory apparatuses to make lead execution markers and inclining measurements to flag when hazard occasions may be drawing nearer or happening; and suggesting robotization of key controls or chose procedures to empower successful checking. This sentence doesn't require semicolons, even with the confusion of conjunctions inside the isolated expressions that work as things in a rundown as referenced above, they are fundamental just when at least one expressions inside that rundown themselves incorporate accentuation: â€Å"The inspector improves data for dynamic over the association by evaluating the unwavering quality of execution measurements and observing frameworks the association has set up, utilizing expository devices to make lead execution markers and drifting measurements to flag when chance occasions may be drawing nearer or happening, and suggesting computerization of key controls or chose procedures to empower successful monitoring.† (As in the past, the way that each expression starts with an unmistakable action word reinforces the structure of this sentence.) Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know7 Patterns of Sentence StructureAffect versus Impact

The Disorder that Sparks Debates free essay sample

This presents an assessment of the discussion encompassing a turmoil called Fibromyalgia. This presents an assessment of the contention encompassing a turmoil called Fibromyalgia. The author presents a definite examination of the turmoil including indications, finding strategies and medicines. What's more the author reveals insight into the discussion encompassing the confidence in the confusion by the clinical network and general society. The paper discusses the inquiry, it is an ailment or an emotional well-being issue. From the beginning of time clinical science has kept on progressing in its capacity to perceive, classify and name issue. With improved innovation it has gotten a lot simpler to preclude scatters as indications present themselves in a clinical setting and be capable decide their birthplace. With the trend setting innovation the clinical network has gotten progressively sure about its capacity to figure out what is and what isn't a confusion or malady. This newly discovered certainty has made contention and discussion over certain scatters which can't be demonstrated yet the indications are verifiably obvious. We will compose a custom paper test on The Disorder that Sparks Debates or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As of late numerous scatters have been named and the medicines have been found. This is the situation with psychological well-being issue just as physiological issue.

How to Write an Essay Topic That Will Benefit Your College Paper

How to Write an Essay Topic That Will Benefit Your College PaperColonial America has been one of the most intriguing topics to write essays on. There are many ways in which you can approach this topic, and there are many essay topics to choose from. This article will look at some of the most popular essay topics for this time period.The major difference between the colonial period and the modern day is that people in the colonial period were not as wealthy as they are today. They had to be, as their parents worked very hard to provide for them and their families. There was more reliance on their skills and labor in the past, and because of this, colonial history is an excellent way to explore the difficulties and problems of the times.One of the best essay topics to write about is the writing of letters to families and friends back in the day. This was a major part of the colonial society. Many people simply did not have internet access back then, and letters and packages needed to b e sent by hand.It was an era where grammar was just as important as it is today. If you look back at many letters from the colonial era, you will find all kinds of mistakes such as the use of misspelled words or grammatical errors. These are things that can seem trivial, but were often overlooked because of the general poor grammar of the time.Colonial America essay topics can take on many different forms. You can have it as a discussion of history, or of the times. Either way, the main purpose is to explore the issues and the times of the time.One of the major goals of writing these essays is to get your point across. By taking on the history of the time period, and trying to explain what it was like back then, you will begin to understand why people who lived in that time period reacted to certain things in their own unique way. Although people in the times before the advent of television and the internet had to rely on things like newspapers were just beginning to be printed.Colo nial America essay topics should include people who lived through the time period as well. For example, you might include details about the religious views, as well as social structure of that time. Learning about the different kinds of people who lived during that time, as well as the various perspectives that they held, is something that will be of great interest to you.Colonial America essay topics should be challenging, interesting, and informative. To be able to write about such a topic in a short amount of time, you need to learn as much as you can about the historical period. While it will take you quite a bit of time to learn everything there is to know about the American colonies, it will be well worth it.

Essay about Living or Dying with the American Dream

Everyone wants to be successful. We all dream of having a decent job, a house, a car or two, good social connections and the respect of our peers. We dream of opportunity and freedom. In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, many characters are pursuing their own version of this dream, but they go about it in many different ways. Some see work and perseverance as necessities. Others think personal charm and popularity are essential in obtaining their dreams. We see the American Dream through the eyes of many different characters, giving us perspective of our own priorities and goals. Once we see the American dream from all of these angles we have to decide how we will interpret it, and how we will react. Willy Loman is the main person†¦show more content†¦In order to find that happiness we have to decide what makes us happy, and from the statements above we can say that it is opportunity, freedom and family. The sad part of this is a lot of us still manage to misinterpret what happiness means. Like several characters in Death of a Salesman, including Willy, many people think luxury and money is going to make them happy. British economist Richard Layard published a book entitled Happiness in which he discussed the results of several tests he ran. He discussed having a group of children that were asked how happy they were on a scale of one to ten. The childrens overall happiness level was about a six. Then each child got to select a â€Å"gift†, at random, from a bag. Again the children were asked how happy they were on a scale of one to ten. Surprisingly their happiness level had dropped. It was now a four. They were now materially â€Å"richer†, but they reported being less happy than before. This shows that wealth does not make us happy. So why do we, like Willy still think it will? (Professor Richard Layard on Happiness) (Carroll, 2012). One of the reasons the children in the study were less happy is because they compared their  "gifts† to their peers â€Å"gifts† and they felt like they gotShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream In Jeannette Wallss The Glass Castle1519 Words   |  7 Pagescall it the American Dream, because you have to be asleep to believe it.† Financial security, freedom to live how one chooses, retiring at 65 and living comfortably in old age, owning a home, knowing that working hard pays off: these are all fundamental beliefs tied to the American Dream. As newer generations are increasingly finding the dream to be unrealistic, people are beginning to abandon the concept; however it is still a very present ideology. While many believe the American Dream is a livelyRead MoreThe American Dream In James T. Adamss The American Dream1220 Words   |  5 Pagesphrase â€Å"The American Dream† was popularized by James T. Adams in his book Epic of America. The meaning of the American Dream has changed overtime but still has the same idea: anything is achievable if you work for it, regardless of your financial or social standpoint. The twentieth century was filled with Americans in the working class motivated by the popularized phrase. People wanted to work and improve their positions, but suddenly, everything changed. The American dream turned merely a dream; a literalRead MoreEssay about Buried Child928 Words   |  4 Pagesbut from him re-visiting his family, we get the impression, that he must of done well for himself. The set we are first introduced to is a living room. â€Å"With pale frayed carpet†, â€Å"an old dark green sofa with the stuffing coming out in spots† and an â€Å"old-fashioned brown T.V†. However, their material need is so the issue, unlike what would expect in the ‘American family’. This â€Å"well worn† furniture reflects a resignation to a tired and despondent life. This is further illustrated in the character ofRead MoreWho Is The American Dream?1490 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a better lifeRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Final Assessment910 Words   |  4 PagesAmulya Parmar Mrs. Mack American Literature A4 September 29, 2014 Of Mice and Men: Final Assessment What truly is the â€Å"American Dream†? Furthermore, during the Great Depression, even the concept of the â€Å"American Dream† was not readily available and was no more than a fallacy at the time. For the 2 protagonists in Of Mice And Men, their dream, like many others, was to â€Å"live off the fatta the land† and become independent. However, this was not such an easy task at the time, not just because ofRead MoreWho Is The American Dream? Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans because they often think of The American Dream as a way or path to greater times. The American Dream gives hope for Americans because it gives them freedom, hope and it also encourages us to achieve goals that will make our life a lot easier in the future for future generations and ourselves. A real life situation of the American dream, for example is like other people from other countries coming to America to find jobs to support their families, build new ones or simply have a bette r lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson1240 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung, they are told to â€Å"dream big† and â€Å"shoot for the stars†. Nothing seems impossible. As people grow older, they become more aware of reality and dim their childhood dreams to a more practical level. However, this light always remains in the back of their brain, keeping them wondering what if? What if they had continued to pursue this goal despite the likeliness of failure? Would it still be worth it? Fences by August Wilson tells the story of an impoverished African-American family in the 1950s andRead More Chapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Fitzgerald presents in this novel upper-class people, who live in the world of dreams. He tries to describe the life of milliners, who spends enormous amount of money on drugs, parties, alcohol and other luxury things. In this chapter the writer clearly shows us that America in 20th was dying, there was no truth, no love and no real relationships, and everything was based on how much money each American had. All America had just people whoRead MoreThe American Dream Analyzed in the Great Gatsby Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby: The American Dream Their love is founded upon feelings from the past, these give it, notwithstanding Gatsbys insistence on being able to repeat the past, an inviolability. It exists in the world of money and corruption but is not of it. The Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is about the American Dream, and the demise of those who attempt to capture its false goals. For Jay, the dream is that, through wealth and power, one can obtain happinessRead MoreAnalysis Of Jhumpa Lahiris The Fault In Our Stars1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthey give birth to their first son Gogol, the main character of the book. The reason they moved to the United States was because of Ashoke’s job, which is Gogols father. Shortly after moving to the United States, they are abruptly introduced to the American pop culture. In the Fault in Our Stars written by John Green, the story takes place in Indianapolis, Indiana. Hazel Grace, the main character, is diagnosed with stage 4 thyroid cancer with metastasis forming in her lungs. The two main characters

The Importance of Art Essay - 655 Words

Art is a form of human expression. Art can be seen as the artist sleight of hand on his mood. Art is in various media from posters to public wall of which we call â€Å"graffiti†. Art is elusive as the use of colors shapes and the surface used adds a new dimension. Art portrays various ideas, feelings such as triumph, love, happiness, sorrow and boredom in loss to mention a few. Art is beauty and creativity. During man’s evolution art has progressed over in its most primitive state up to its most modernized versions today. History shows that art has been used as a major tool for communication. Cavemen did art on their walls using unsophisticated and blunt tools. The indigenous people of our country, the aborigines such as Albert Namatjira†¦show more content†¦Ancient Egyptians, Aztecs, Incas and Mayans created many meticulous pieces of art. Some of the meticulous pieces of art are masks, pyramids, jewelry, wall paintings, tombs, sarcophagi. The primal Romans and Greeks showed their appreciation of life through art. India used art to show their dance and their religions. The African art is symbolic of their tribal cuffs as seen of their totem poles. Today, Art has gone through many changes. Abstract art dominates art today shows ambiguous life a man lives, in contrast to the unambiguous art of the past. Modern does not have spirituality and cultural values and beliefs in the past and is now a reflection of a materialistic life of today. Bill Henson, a portrait artist used his 12 year old Olympia as a nude model for his portrait drawing. This brought much controversy that he was exploiting the body of an under - age girl as his own gains. This shows that art is used for popularity and financial gain. The message behind art is to show ideas and ideas that are relevant to society. Art is meant to enliven life and things, though modern art shows more if life’s negativeness. Galleries, parks and museums view to the public with meaningfulness and with the appreciation for art. Art is still effective as hand written material was seen in the walls of Ancient Egypt. Modern art stimulates the thought and fosters greaterShow More RelatedThe Importance Of Art1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe question of how valuable art is, is something that has been debated for hundreds of years; as well as the that art has to have a purpose. People have used the arts for religious or political purposes for far longer than the idea that art can be for its own sake. For instance, in ancient Greece and Rome art was used for religious and political purposes and was not made for pure enjoyment. Also, within the early christian church it was seen as a tool for religious purposes. It was not until theRead MoreThe Importance Of Art856 Words   |  4 PagesArt is all around us, it’s everywhere you go: cartoons, buildings, photography, even the architecture of streets and sidewalks. There are many forms of art, and it doesnt have to be just drawing or painting, it can also be singing, acting, poetry, fashion, etc. All of these talents are an embodiment of expression, it allows individuals to explore their creativity and enhances their learning abilities. Without art everything would be black and white, there would be no substance. In today’s age, notRead MoreThe Importance Of Art On Body Art749 Words   |  3 PagesOpportunity of expression is essential, however not to a degree, that it anticipates intimidating body art. Does Individuals less than 21 years old should be allowed tattoos? I insist they must not to have the tattoos. They are a greater number of professionals than cons to help this subject. I trust that people under age 21 has a tendency to do hasty things without thoroughly considering the long haul results of their exercises. Irresponsible, imaginative, unconstrained – yes, you can at presentRead MoreThe Importance Of Art Education1561 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to art professor Karin Evans, â€Å"Art is an irreplaceable way of understanding and expressing the world.† Many people agree that art brings joy and cools students down after all the other hard work they have to think about during the school day. Art education can do much more than taking the stress away from the students. It can help students who have difficulty in core classes and help decrease the chances of dropouts. Art advocates have been stressing the benefits of art education to schoolsRead More The Importance of Art Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Art Throughout the ages art has played a crucial role in life. Art is universal and because art is everywhere, we experience it on a daily basis. From the houses we live in (architecture) to the movies we see (theatre) to the books that we read (literature). Even in ancient culture art has played a crucial role. In prehistoric times cave dwellers drew on the wall of caves to record history. In biblical times paintings recorded the life and death of Christ. Throughout timeRead MoreThe Importance Of The Arts At School1497 Words   |  6 Pages Importance of the Arts in School People often view artistic activities as a leisure activity, so though they may agree it is a nice thing to have, they may not think it is essential to a person’s life. It is the same for schools, with tight budgets, art is usually the first subject cut from a student’s learning experience because it is not viewed as a priority. However, with all of the academic benefits students can gain from being involved in any type of art subject, it is important that schoolsRead MoreThe Importance Of Public Art1031 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is art? The answer to that has been debated for thousands of years. The definition of art is too broad a topic to discuss in just a few words. Public art, though also varying wildly from piece to piece, can be defined more easily. Its not considered an art form, so to speak, because it can be any piece of art available to the public to view, of any size or medium. This includes sculptures, murals, and architecture. Some people may even consider graffiti to be public art. And its not justRead MoreThe Importance Of Arts In Education897 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States offer a variety of arts programs, while other schools may have mediocre to non-existent arts programs. Students in their early years of schooling from elementary to high school depending on whether he or she has an arts education can affect them in the long run. Art programs since the 1980s have integrated into public education, however the No Child Left Behind act has since put the arts in the decline. According to Americans, 93% of them agree the arts are vital to providing a well-roundedRead MoreThe Importance Of Art Artifacts1389 Words   |  6 Pagesownership on precious and ancient artifacts. These historical art pieces represent culture, history, and religion. There is a lot of knowledge and background stories that can be obtained from these art pieces that need to be spread around the world. Museums and countries from which the artifacts originated have been at battle on who should keep the art artifacts. From most people’s view, it is morally wrong and disrespectful that museums keep the art artifacts away from its origin. However, in reality, theRead MoreImportance Of Arts In Education868 Words   |  4 PagesThe arts should be known as a core academic subject. Arts should be in education at schools because it helps with all of the students classes. Music includes about every subject. Math, with the counting and rhythms. English in the reading of the music; Scien ce in the history of the writers the music and what time the music was written; History is the time frame of the songs and the music that tells a story; Physics, in the way the instructor conducts. Clearly music is a pretty important art. For

Norway A Country That Occupies The North Region Of Europe

Norway, also referred to as Norge, is a country that occupies the north region of Europe. Norway occupies most of the western half of the scandinavian peninsula and is mostly made up of mountains. About half or more of Norway’s population live in the southern region. Norway is made up of an indented cost and around fifty thousand islands located off shore; these islands were carved by deep glacial fjords. The population of Norway is around five million, one hundred and thirty nine thousand (Joys). Norway is most known, or famous, for the Fjords, which are long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea between high cliffs, as in Norway and Iceland, typically formed by the submergence of a glaciated valley (dictionary). I choose this country because†¦show more content†¦Although supply is expected to grow, the demand has dropped from nine percent to about one percent and is expected to grow again to roughly three and a half percent for the entire globe. One country that also hel ps the supply growth for Norway is Chile; however, Norway expects a decline from the Chilean Atlantic salmon market in 2015. This is especially hard for Norway because the demand for Atlantic salmon is increasing in Europe. Just last year in 2014, European Fish markets purchased more than twelve percent from Norway than they did in the previous year, 2013. Economic freedom measures how the economy is in a country. High economic freedom means that there is lower poverty levels and lower unemployment rates, along with higher income and a better and cleaner quality of life (Econfreedom). Norway, a constitutional monarchy, has a 71.8 economic freedom score, which makes Norway the twenty-seventh freest country in the whole world. In a recent survey, Norway was rated fifth in Anti-Global watchdog Transparency International. The Norway government was rated as very clean meaning that there is little to no government corruption in the survey and a statement was made, We are a little behind the other Scandinavian countries, by Tor Dà ¸lvik, special advisor to Transparency International in Norway. Dà ¸lvik went on to say, We have had some

Battle Royal Essay Example For Students

Battle Royal Essay In Battle Royal, Ellison uses details of setting to create the mood of horror and repulsion. The horror begins when the narrator listens to a conversation between his father and grandfather, as his grandfather lay on his death bed. Son, after Im gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemys country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lions mouth. I want you to overcome em with yeses, undermine em with grins, agree em to death and destruction, let em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open 256. This statement had a great effect on the narrator, although he wasnt quite sure what it meant. It set a sense of fear in him. And whenever things went well for me I remember my grandfather and felt guilty and uncomfortable. It was as though I was carrying out his advice in spite of myself257. The narrator didnt plan on taking his grandfathers advice, and each time he found himself doing exactly that, it made him feel guilty. I felt guilt that in some way I was doing something that was really against the wishes of the white folks 257. This continued path of fear and hatred are carried out throughout the story. Ellison gives the reader the idea of hatred and horror when he sets the scene in the ballroom of the hotel. This is where the Battle Royal was to take place. The battle room was filled with smoke and in the center was the portable boxing ring that was to be used for the fight. On three sides of the ring, chairs were placed for the audience to observe the battle. These audience members were that of an upper-class status, bankers, lawyers, judges, doctors, fire chiefs, teachers, merchants. Even one of the more fashionable pastors 258. To top it off, they were all white as well. Each of them arrived in tuxedos wolfing down the buffet foods, drinking beer and whiskey and smoking black cigars 257. Ellison was taking us into the scene to show us the intimidation the narrator felt as he saw the audience members. It was extremely terrifying for the narrator. After the fighters were ordered to the ring, they were to be blindfolded. This gave the narrator a sense of fear and horror that he was not used to. He didnt like the darkness and the unknowing of what lied ahead. I felt a sudden fit of terror. I was unused to darkness. It was as though I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonous cottonmouths 259. One of the audience members spoke to the narrator, See that boy over there?I want you to run across at the bell and give it to him right in the belly. If you dont get  him, Im going to get you 259. This was told to the other fighters as well. Not one person in the audience felt any sympathy for the boys. One yelled, I want to get that ginger-colored nigger. Tear him limb from limb 259. Others were kicking chairs and causing quite a commotion. This put an even greater horrifying feeling in the narrator. I wanted to see, to see more desperately than ever before 260. The blindfold was not allowing this. All it was doing was taking away what dignity he had. After the battle was complete, the portable ring was taken away and a small rug with coins, bills, and gold pieces was put in its place. Each of the fighters were told to sit around the rug as though they were of another species, perhaps from another planet. This set a sense of excitement in each of them, but at the same time they feared what was to come. Once the narrator heard the word Go 262 he went straight for the goods. I lunged for a yellow coin lying on the blue design of the carpet, touching it and sending a surprised shriek to join those rising around me. I tried frantically to remove my hand but could not let go. A hot, violent force tore through my body, shaking me like a wet rat. .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .postImageUrl , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:visited , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:active { border:0!important; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:active , .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud077651c833e1ff226daa7dd8482e10d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dickinson and Roe's nineteenth century english prose - critical essayThe rug was electrified 262-3. This didnt stop the crowd from yelling obscenities at the boys. Pick it up, goddamnit, pick it up!Go on, get it 263. This made the boys feel as though they had to do what was said, they feared the crowd more than they feared the electricity of the rug. Ellison uses this scene to show the repulsion the audience felt toward the fighters and the fear the fighters had of them. Throughout this story, Battle Royal, Ellison creates a mood of horror and repulsion toward the black fighters, especially toward the narrator. From the first scene next to the grandfathers death bed, to the money on the rug. He takes his readers to the fight to see just whats taking place, not only in the mind of the narrator, but in the minds of the upper-class white folks as well. By describing to the readers the details of each scene, he gives them a chilling sense of what its like to be horrified and hated.

Interactive Notebook for poetry (Figurative Lang.) GRADE 7 Essay Example

Interactive Notebook for poetry (Figurative Lang.) GRADE 7 Paper metaphor comparison of 2 unlike things to each other similie comparison of 2 unlike things using like or as personification a device used to give non living objects qualities of people hyperbole a device that shows an exaggeration Assonance the repetition of vowel sounds Allusion a brief reference to a person, place, idea or thing of cultural or literary significance Alliteration the repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words Pun a play on words; sometimes on different meanings of the same word and sometimes on the similiar sense or sound of different words Oxymoron when incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side Onomatopoeia the use of words which actually sound like the objects or actions to which they refer

How to Get a Federal Tax ID Number

How to Get a Federal Tax ID Number Anyone who operates a business may be required to by the  Internal Revenue Service  (IRS) to get an Employee Identification Number, also known as a Tax ID Number. Just as a  Social Security  number is used by the  IRS  to identify individual taxpayers, the unique EIN is used to identify businesses. If the form you are filling out asks for your  federal  Employer Identification Number (EIN)  or Federal Tax ID Number, and you dont have one, its time to ask yourself: Do you really need an EIN, and if you do, how do you get one? The IRS requires businesses to provide their EIN on all tax documents and forms. Not all businesses need an EIN, but if yours does, the IRS offers several methods to get one. Does Your Business Need an Federal Tax ID Number? Any business offering products or services that are taxed in any way must get a federal tax ID number. If your state taxes personal services, or if you are required to collect sales taxes on your sales, you need an EIN. All the government forms you will be required to file for your business will require either your EIN or Social Security number. With a few exceptions, any business that has employees or pays any kind of federal, state, or local taxes will need an Employer Identification Number. Apply Online for an EIN The quickest way to apply for an EIN is online through the IRS websites secure  EIN Assistant  page. You will be given your EIN immediately after completing the short application form. After you complete the online application the IRS will create your new EIN, which you can start using immediately. Youll get an IRS document download that confirms that your application was successful and provides your EIN. Save a copy on your computer and to print one for your records in case you forget the EIN. File for an EIN by Fax or Mail The IRS also takes applications for an EIN via fax or mail. For these methods, youll need to fill out the IRS Form SS-4  and contact the appropriate office, depending on where you live. Anyone whose principal business is located in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia can file for an EIN using: Internal Revenue ServiceATTN: EIN OperationCincinnati, OH, 45999Fax: (855) 641-6935 When applying by fax, include a return fax number so the IRS can respond with your EIN within four days. By mail, the timeframe for the IRS to process the application is four weeks. Get a Federal Tax ID Number by Phone Only international applicants are allowed to apply by  phone,  and must answer questions regarding the SS-4. These applications can be completed by calling 267-941-1099. Essential Information for All EIN Applications The EIN application process requires some basic information, including: The type of EIN you are applying for, such as a  sole proprietorship,  corporation,  LLC, partnership or estateReason for applying for the EIN, such as starting a new business, banking purposes or a range of other reasonsYour nameYour Social Security number A Few Federal Tax ID Number Tips If you lose or forget your EIN, you can always call the toll-free IRS Business Specialty Tax Line at 800-829-4933. An IRS representative will ask you for some identifying information, such as your Social Security number, to ensure you are the person authorized to receive the EIN. Once you have completed the application and the IRS has assigned an EIN, the number can never be canceled. However, if you ever decide you no longer need the EIN, the IRS can close your business account for you. If you need it again, the EIN remains available to you and will never be reassigned to anyone else by the IRS.

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe Essay

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe - Essay Example He also considers one of the very reasonable question that either this is a evolution of men or combination of different events. Writer sums ups his ideas as: The lust for more money and prosperity and growth with low costs as compared to the feudal system of life lead the way for industrialization of Europe. And infect the agricultural conditions in Europe were not confident enough to yield surplus amounts for the people. Then domination over the globe started on the name of trade. Mokyr, Joel. 1993. The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective. Boulder: Westview Press. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914   By W.O. Henderson Henderson in the chapter â€Å"the new masters and their women† describes about the change in lifestyle of the rural land. The introduction of the steam engine and railway tracks can be credited for the first brick in the industrial revolution. ... 1961. The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: an outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. New York: Macmillan. The nature of men is always filled with progressive ideas and innovations. The life at the start of the 18 century was also optimistic and free. At the beginning of the 18th century farming was practiced as the primary occupation throughout Europe. Feudal system ruled vast areas, in which merchants earned good amounts of money by trading the finished product of the farms to the market. The population was growing as well as the demands. End of civil wars lead an end to the feudal system which was now replaced by the monarchy system, as in Britain. Now the point was to enhance the economic growth to fulfill the growing demands. With the invention of the steam engine, the concept of ‘factory system was introduced. Young marriages and the resistance to overcome diseases increased the population growth which in turn prepared a large ma npower, an essential requirement for the factory system. Rail system was the element improving trade. The workers of cottage industry loved the new evolving idea of mechanization. England was the first among the European countries to come up with relevant industrial rules. The trade was increasing and now the people were not dependent on the autocrats. Wealth went on flourishing and England had a middle class prepared to welcome it. In the era following the 18th century the per capita increase is in a greater ratio as that of population growth. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth  ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened

Shea's One of a Kind Boutique Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Shea's One of a Kind Boutique - Term Paper Example For the success of an organization, it is highly important that the organization is structured efficiently. If the overall structure of an organization is effective, there would be a good flow of communication throughout the organization and the overall efficiency of the management would increase. In this organization, supervisory managers are responsible for the operations of their respective departments and they present the performance reports to the directors. The team of advisors helps the organization carry out risk assessment properly and to operate safely without any legal issues. The team for quality control ensures that all the processes in the organization are operating effectively. This is done by assessing different processes for their effectiveness. The accountants keep the records of the business of the organization. The record keeping system is completely automated and the accountants ensure that the system is operating effectively and in compliance with the financial reporting standards. Section 3: Business Teams The management of the organization understands the concept of synergy therefore formation of teams for different tasks is highly encouraged in the organization (Robbins & Judge, 2010). The concept of teams is very frequently applied in the organization. Since the business is of such a nature that it requires so much brainstorming, working in teams is the optimum way to carry out the task. In order to come up with innovative marketing techniques or new ideas for the clothes, teams are formed by the management and they are given the tasks. The group dynamics bring out synergy and the members of a group remain motivated towards completing the task efficiently. The strengths of business teams include; motivation, efficient completion of the tasks and origination of innovative ideas. The weaknesses may be; the team members may divert from the actual purpose of the formation of the team and there may be negative dynamic of the group if there is lack of congeniality among the group members. Section 4: Management Philosophy regarding Communication and Organizational Culture The management philosophy regarding

Business Plan Gold Gym Marketing Essay

Business Plan Gold Gym Marketing Essay Venturing into starting a Franchise is traditionally assured to yield a guaranteed Return of Investment than venturing into a fresh startup entity. Although Franchise itself is a business, it is considered as a way of doing business. It is believed by many that Mr. Albert Singer who was the founder of the Singer sewing machine, was the inventor and founder of the concept franchising. He was one of the earliest person known by most as being associated with the concept; however, the franchising really began long time before and has its roots dating all the way back to the Middle Ages (Blair Lafontaine 2005). As per the definition the work franchising is derived from ancient French which means holding a particular privilege or right. Over the years, franchising business models have been evolved and proven to result in high growth businesses. Although there are various large business entities in UK that offer franchising opportunities, only few business segments result in lucrative ROI. After analysing various business analysis reports and market survey statistics, I have identified fitness and wellness healthcare segment as highly futuristic franchise opportunity considering various factors including my current financial capabilities and business goals. Proposed Business Gold Gym Franchise Objective and Description As a fitness franchise of Gold Gym, we will provide an innovative health care, wellness and fitness services. The modern premises will be equipped with the state of the art fitness equipments and provide facilities such as steam bathing and swimming. The place of the business will be chosen in the heart of the town to provide fitness services to local community, besides outbeating the competition. Market Outline Summary In recent times people are getting more and more health conscious as they are more educated about health hazards involved due to unhealthy lifestyles, establishing a franchise business like Gold Gyms is very profitable as well as it can serve the local customers who want to avoid buying very expensive health equipments in their houses. It can in contributing to the society as healthy lifestyle would ensure less unwell people. As per a recently conducted market survey and the report by the Fitness Industry Association (FIA) and accumulated by leisure fitness market analysts, the UKs fitness and wellness business is a 4 billion GBP revenue industry and is seeing the fastest growth of its 20 year history with many more members eager to avail such services facilities than ever before. The comprehensive audit and the market intelligence report published by FIA covers national overviews of both the public and private sectors. Currently, 15 % of the total UKs population are members of a health club or government-owned fitness services and there is an untapped market potential of around 60% and its growing stably at 3 to 4 per cent an year. Besides this, the increased obesity risk levels are compelling large number of people approach fitness and wellness centres. (Fitness: freebie fitness, 2009) These factors clearly indicate that starting a fitness and wellness club or gym will yield a lucrative revenue and guaranteed profits. However, starting a gym franchise is a better idea rather than starting a own gym because of the following factors: Starting a own gym is very expensive and requires minimum of a million pounds investments because of increased equipment costs and the soaring rates of premises leasing. Building own brand (rather than running a franchise) requires higher upfront investment for marketting and brand building efforts that eventually impacts the customer acquisition rate. Employee training and management orientation is easy in a franchise. Investing in a franchise business is usually safer than venturing into a completely new startup due to proven business strategies. Business Model The primary source of revenue of the proposed business will be earned from the various types of memberships offered to the customers. Ideally the member ships will be offered at a predetermined price which would include certain benefits and services that the customer can avail. As the benefits increase the price of the membership would also increase. In the initial stages of the business, the proposed fitness franchise will earn revenues in the following streams: Membership Types 1. Basic memberships (without trainers) : Pricing will be between  £15 to  £25 and will vary time to time because of special promotional offers. Initially, it is proposed to set at  £15 per month. This would provide accesses to very basic facilities and services, ideally to attract the lower income group of people. 2. Gold memberships (with special guidance from trainers): This special membership pricing will be set between  £25 to  £45 because of seasonal-special offers and initially will be set at  £25 per month. This would include more number of facilities and services, more suitable for customers with a higher disposable income. Apart from the above mentioned standard monthly memberships, we will offer weekly and Pay as you go memberships as well which will target people looking for flexible paying options. Membership Duration Membership pricing will be offered attractive based on the following durations: 1. Monthly membership the payments would be taken on monthly basis 2. Weekly membership this will work on week on week basis 3. Pay and Use membership would be a prepaid service Target Customers Customers of varied types including individuals, groups and businesses will be targeted to acquire strong customer base. It is listed as below: 1. Individuals 2. Family group memberships will be offered at reduced fee pricing. 3. Corporate memberships will be offered at reduced pricing. The proposed membership fee structures and the revenue projections have been described in the Financials and Projections section in the later part of the text below. Competitive Advantage The proposed fitness business centre will offer variety of advantages to outbeat the competition in the market. We will provide special memberships for people undergoing obesity treatment and special price caps to attract different age groups such as 35 to 49 and 28 to 34. Moreover, the proposed fitness centre will be in the heart of each town and within reachable distance from the nearby health services. Gym equipments in the facility will be made up of state of the art technology and will have electronic sensors and displays to accurately measure and monitor physical and health parameters. (More details of the equipments have been described in the Equipments Provision section). Multiple number of steam bath facilities and swimming pool facilities will be provided. Free car parking facility will be provided for limited number of hours. Competition In UK, at present, there are very few (less than 3) fitness chains are available in most places, apart from public facilities and many towns are yet to have a gym with sophisticated equipments and services delivery. Therefore, the competition for Golds Gym franchise is moderate and we have a clearly defined business model and strategy to outbeat the competition. Premises and Equipment The proposed gym premises will house various fitness and wellness facilities. There are mainly two different types of equipments which will be available in the proposed gym, firstly free weights and secondly high-tech machines. Free weights are a simple form of bodybuilding equipment with no real use of technology. They are generally cheaper and more easily available. They consist normally of things like barbells, dumbbells, bars, weight plates etc.   In the proposed gym, we will facilitate and provide the following equipments: The Barbell Which is a long iron bar that is around 4 and 7 feet long on which multiple weight plates can be placed as per the required weight. Weight Plates Weight plates mostly range from 500 gms to 75 kgs. They are usually made of iron as it is a heavy metal. Dum-bells A dumbbell is a shorter form of a barbell, generally 10 15 inches in length. Dumbbell exercises are performed with a dumbbell in each hand. Tricep Bar An oval shaped long bar which has 2 parallel placements for the hand. Although it is commonly called as a tricep bar, one can use it to workout other different parts of the body besides the triceps. EZ Curl Bar It is ideally designed for building the biceps triceps. It is much shorter then a barbell and has angled placements for the hands. It is very useful for building ones muscles from a variety of angles and for reducing the levels of stress (caused by weight) which a straight barbell normally can place on ones wrists. Benches This most common piece of equipment which is seen in every gym. There are mainly 3 different types of benches that are popular flat one, an inclined, and decline. Some high-tech benches are adjustable. Some bespoke benches have the facility of racks on one end which hold a barbell, while some benches dont have any such racks. The Arm-Blaster It is a 2 foot in length and 6 inch in width, very flat, curvy metal bar. It has a strap that goes from back of ones neck to grasp the metal bar is flat from corner to corner of your mid section. It works a lot like a preacher bench by eradicating any body momentum and allows the person using it to isolate the biceps. Stability Ball (Swiss Ball) All exercises that one would ideally do on a bench can also be done on the stability ball. The trainee can do a variety of exercises like bench press, shoulder press, dumbbell flies, lateral raises, pullovers, reverse crunches, so on and so forth. This is one of the best piece of equipment and is very popular with fitness conscious people. Abdominal Bench Is simply just a decline bench that is used for doing exercises that focus on the abdomen. It has rollers that a person can hook their feet into so that the person does not slide off the bench. Chin Up/pull up Bar The chin up or also known as a pull up bar is a iron bar that is either bolted on to a wall or any part of any exercise machine. Pull ups are good for working out the upper back, biceps, and forearms. Dip/Push ups Bars This is a set of two similar parallel bars. Dips is the best exercise for working the upper chest, shoulders, biceps and triceps. Leg Press Machine Most people believe that squats are the best overall exercise to build up the leg muscles. Most of the press machines are set on a 45 degree angle which provides excellent movement of legs. With the leg press the trainee can safely lift weights without having to worry about sliding or falling over. It gives less stress on the lower back which can help people with back problems and knees then squats. The Hack-Squat Machine This is a innovative variation of the traditional and popular barbell squat that is commonly used. This is excellent and very useful for developing the outer muscles of the thighs and for toning up. Leg Extension Machine This machine is ideally suitable for isolating the quadriceps muscles and focusing on leg muscles. Most trainees find this exercise useful for pre-exhausting their quadriceps or for warming up the knee joints (which are normally tight) before proceeding to do squats or leg press exercises. Calf Machines There are mainly 2 different types of calf machines, one is the standing calf raise and second is the seated calf raise. The former raise focuses the upper calf muscles (gastrocnemius) while the later is used to work out the lower calf muscles (soleus). Leg Curl Machine This machine is ideal hamstring exercises which is very popular with athletes. Some gyms nowadays may have a leg extension and leg curl machine built in together into one machine, to maximise utilisation of space Financials: Capital Funds and Budget Plan The capital investment and operational costs of the proposed business is as given below: (1) Short term part-investment: Angel investment of  £25,000 towards franchise fee. This includes employee(includes training and management staff) training and management orientation. Brochures, documents and other books and manuals such as fitness and wellness guides, marketing materials such as standard pamphlets. (2) Short term part-investment: Bank loan of  £30,000 towards premises rental and day to day maintenance for the first 12 months. (3) Short term: Angel investment of  £10,000 towards marketing and promotional expenses. (3) Short term: Bank loan of  £30,000 towards staff costs for first 12 months. Therefore, the capital cost of the business upon starting is  £95,000. This is raised as a combined collective-capital as described above in parts of Angel Investment of  £25,000 and  £10,000 in addition to the  £30,000 of bank loan. Financials: Cash flow and Forecast (Projections) The cash flow for day to day operations for the initial twelve months will be incurred from the capital investment as explained in the above section. As per the projections explained below, the break even point (of  £95,000) is expected to cross in the month of nine from the starting day of the business. Upon achieving the break even the excessive funds (as in the figures below) will be used partly for the operational cost and the rest will be accumulated as retained profits, which is estimated to be approximately  £25,000 (after achieving break even). The proposed membership fee will be between  £5 and  £49 for various services. The average monthly membership fee is proposed to be  £15 to ensure competitive advantage over other fitness centres. As a conservative estimate, the membership is expected to grow at 140% in the initial stages at averagely 25 new members a day. Therefore, the projected earnings over the period of initial 9 months ( £15x £25x £9) is around  £101,250 and the breakeven will be achieved in 7th month of starting the business. In a modern estimate (if promoted through freely available internet and ecommerce services), membership base is expected to grow at 265% in the initial stages and break even can be achieved quickly and steady flow of revenue can be ensured. Financials: Future Expansion Plans The long term investment capital funds of  £450,000 will be raised as mentioned below, to grow the business in steady pace for adding more number of gym equipments with advanced features. More facilities including 247 access to the gym will be offered: The long term investment funds will be raised as given below, (1). Listing the business in AIM-Cash shell list in association with external fund raising companies (Projected to raise around  £200,000). (2). Additional capital will be raised through low end venture capital firms to raise the capital of around  £225,000. The total of  £450,000 will be raised as explained above for expanding and ensuring the organic growth of the business. Marketing and Promotions Strategy In the total of  £10,000 allocated marketing budget the advertisement campaigns within the proposed budget will be carried out in co-operation with the parent Gold Gym entity with and estimated cost of  £3400. The printed pamphlets will be circulated to local community with special-seasonal offers as well as special membership offers. Low cost advertisements will be published for the budget of  £2500 in local community news magazines. Advertisement displays will be considered in the second phase of the business upon reaching breakeven point. Conclusion Fitness and wellness care is becoming essential part of life style. With fast life styles, stress full working conditions, growing competitions and unhealthy eating habits, many people have realised the importance of fitness and health to lead a quality life. More and more people are now keen to improve their fitness levels, some for feel good about themselves, some to look better and feel confident, and some to reduce mental stress levels. The brand of the Gold Gym is a proven and time tested that could result in increased customer base. Over the time gold gym has seen growth and succeeded in providing excellent fitness and health services. The brand name backed by the reputation makes gold gym franchise a low risk business model. In a traditional estimate, the proposed Gold Gym franchise is expected to cross break even in around 7 months and yield steady profits from 8th month onwards. Further to the 8th mark growth opportunities can emerge with market conditions improving disposab le income of individuals getting back to normal levels. After carefull evaluating all financial aspects and growth prospects we can conclude starting the Gold Gym franchise will be a lucrative and profitable business.

Progress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude Essay -- One Hu

Progress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude   Ã‚   One Hundred Year of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez projects itself among the most famous and ambitious works in the history of literature. Epic in scope,  Marquez weaves autobiography, allegory and historical allusion to create a surprisingly coherent story line about his forebears, his descendants and ours. It has been said that there are only about 18 or so themes that describe the human condition. This quote was made in reference to Shakespeare, and posited that all of the books and movies that we digest and assimilate can be shown to have their roots in these canonical themes. In Cien Anos, Marquez addresses several of these themes in the subtle and interlocking ways that they deserve. This paper will concentrate on two interrelated themes: progress and innocence. In its exploration of these concerns, this novel provides no less than a rendering of the trajectory of human evolution. Loss of innocence is a time-worn theme in the literature of every culture. It traditionally takes the form of some type of epiphany visited upon an unsophisticated character as she grows up and encounters the larger world. The focus of this theme is normally personal, in the point of view of an individual, or the omnipotent third person account of the reaction of an individual. While this aspect can be found in the novel, it additionally explores the loss of innocence of a family, people or race, called estirpe in the original edition. In the Western sensibility, the march of progress is normally deemed positive and inevitable. In recent Western history, from the Middle Ages forward, successive improvements in the spread of knowledge, dissemination of culture, and the av... ...s of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 65-79. Griffin, Clive. "The Humour of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 81-94. James, Regina. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Revolutions in Wonderland. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981. McGuirk, Bernard and Richard Cardwell, edd. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: New Readings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Martin, Gerald. "On 'magical' and social realism in Garcia Marquez." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 95-116. Williams, Raymond L. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Williamson, Edwin. "Magical Realism and the Theme of Incest in One Hundred Years of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell. 45-63. Wood, Michael. "Review of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In Critical Essays on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. McMurray, George R., ed. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987.      

She Stoops to Conquer- Male Characters

‘Through a close analysis of the presentation of at least two of the plays male characters, show how Goldsmith presents attitudes towards women in the play’ Oliver Goldsmith has cleverly composed an exceptionally successful comedic play, belonging to the Pastoral Genre, comprising of many key themes and ideas including that of the attitudes of males toward females, the social divide between the lower and upper class and the idea of progress and tradition.Through the numerous linguistic and dramatic devices including dramatic incitement and comedic language, Goldsmith is able to portray the attitudes displayed by the male characters such as Mr Hardcastle, Charles Marlow and George Hastings towards women within the play. Firstly, the fictitious Mr Hardcastle shows varying attitudes towards women in the play. We initially see a very traditional and prude attitude towards his daughter, Kate Hardcastle.Goldsmith implies that Mr Hardcastle has a very traditional, typically pas toral view towards women in the sense that they should be the pinnacle of youth and beauty, but also very pure and simple, all attributes which relate back to the pastoral. This is shown when Mr Hardcastle encourages Kate to dress in what he believes to be appropriate- ‘Blessings on my pretty innocence! Drest out as usual, my Kate. Goodness! What quantity of superfluous silk has thou got about thee, girl! In this sense, we see Mr Hardcastle appear very traditional and extremely authoritative over Kate, suggesting a strict attitude. Mr Hardcastle appears to believe that his orders should be followed by the women, as he has power over them once again implying that women are innocent, pure and a reflection of Eve, revealing key elements to the pastoral. Although within the Exposition stage of the play, we see Kate abide by her fathers wishes- ‘in the evening, I put on my house-wife’s dress to please you’, Mr Hardcastle displays an alternative attitude over wom en, implying he is very respectful and caring.This is shown when he informs Kate- ‘If he be what he has shewn himself, I’m determined he shall never have my consent’, suggesting that although Mr Hardcastle upholds extremely traditional values, he is willing to put them aside to ensure the happiness of his daughter, displaying a more modernised, protective attitude towards women. Goldsmith is able to show attitudes towards women through the character of Charles Marlow. In the Complication stage of the play, Goldsmith introduces ‘Comedy of Manners’, which explores codes of behaviour in sections of upper and middle class to display Marlow’s conflicting attitudes towards women.As we see Kate transform and disguise into a lower class barmaid, the audience are equally surprised to see the change in Marlow’s behaviour and attitude as he goes from being a nervous, ‘bumbling fool’, to an over confident, boastful man, who is certainl y not shy around women of a lower class, often treating them with an air of great disrespect, as though they are merely a possession to him- ‘I vow, child, you are vastly handsome’.Marlow appears to have a differing attitude depending on the class in which women belong. As he greets Kate as someone who belongs to the upper class, he is respectful and has a gentlemanly manner, referring to her as ‘Madam’. Through this we see Marlow appear to be very insecure and intimidated, suggesting that he has an enormous sense of inferiority when it comes to upper class women.Despite this, Marlow displays a change in attitude towards the female character of Kate when she disguises herself as a barmaid, suggesting he views women as being merely a possession for men to do what they wish- ‘If you keep me at this distance, how is it possible you and I can ever be acquainted’. Through this characterisation, Goldsmith presents ‘class conflict’, maske d with an element of comedy and farce to reveal Marlow’s view upon women. Finally, Goldsmith presents a very traditional view upon women through the characterisation of George Hastings.From the exposition of the play, we learn that Hastings is deeply in love with Miss Constance Neville, whom he is desperate to marry. Hastings appears to be attracted to Constance initially because of her undoubtable beauty and youth, purity and innocence, which are all aspect of pastoral. As Constance informs Hastings that she cannot marry him until she has claimed her jewels, we see that Hastings wants to be the one to provide for her, suggesting a traditional and protective attitude, as he states materialistic goods are not needed- ‘Perish all the baubles!Your person is all I desire’. Goldsmith presents a romantic, optimistic attitude over women and marriage in the view of Hastings. Despite this, we also learn that Hastings views women as something with which he can relieve his teasing and flirtatious nature, which is shown when he is seen complimenting Mrs Hardcastle with sarcasm- ‘extremely elegant and degagee, upon my word, Madam’.With the use of ‘Parody’, Hastings implies that although he upholds traditional values, he views women to be gullible creatures, whom he can mock and tease, although in a light hearted and mischievous, comedic sense. Overall, through the use of dramatic incitement, characterisation and various types of comedy including Parody, Farce and Comedy of Manners, Goldsmith has cleverly presented the typical attitude males had over women at the time in which the play was written.All of the male characters within the play share similar attitudes in the sense that they have power and status over the women within the play, as they are typically viewed as being innocent and pure in a pastoral sense, however in some ways the audience will see that this is beginning to change as women’s roles are evolving. At times women appear to be more powerful than the men within the play, such as how Kate is able to deceive and trick Marlow into believing she was a barmaid. Goldsmith has presented a traditional, yet respectful attitude towards women through the play in its entirety.

A Uniting Theme Of The Strangers That Came To Town, A...

Sacrifice- A Uniting Theme Of The Strangers That Came To Town, A Doll s House and A Lesson Before Dying All of the books that we have read this summer have in common stories where characters are forced to make sacrifices. This is first seen in The Strangers That Came To Town by Ambrose Flack. The Duvitch family sacrifice everything to provide for their family. Andy and Tom endure harsh conditions while fishing to repay Mr. Duvitch for the fish they poisoned. In the play A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, Nora sacrifices her security and commits fraud to help Torvald recover from his sickness. In the book A Lesson Before Dying by Ernest J Gaines, Jefferson becomes a man and acts with more class than the racists in the town, turning his†¦show more content†¦The boys (Andy and Tom) have to suffer and endure very harsh conditions, hot summer weather, endless hordes of mosquitoes, and hours and hours without sleep to repay the Duvitch family for the 61 fish they poisoned out of spite.The narrator’s father, who was rich and educated. Because of Andy’s father’s high social status, he was respected and seen as a leader by fellow neighbors. This is why Andy’s family was able to befriend the Duvitch family without losing social status/ face. 2: A Lesson Before Dying- by Ernest J Gaines A few of the symbols in the book A Lesson Before Dying, are Jefferson himself, fire and warmth, and wood. The character of Jefferson is used to represent a Christ-like figure, who sacrifices himself for the good of the world. Once Jefferson’s execution date is set, Jefferson decides to sacrifice his personal fight to survive, and instead focus his last moments of time into becoming a man and making his community have a positive image. Jefferson succeeds in this, as the black community respects him, as well as some of the people in the white community. The second symbol of fire and warmth represents Grant Wiggins ‘warming up’ to Jefferson and the idea of helping him in his effort to become a man. The third symbol in A Lesson Before Dying is wood. This symbol represents the process of whittling an ugly log into a fine object. Imagine Jefferson as the log and Grant as the woodcarver. Through the events in the story, with the help of Grant,

Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Desiress Baby

Escape to Feminism Feminism appears in many different types of medias around the world. Some of the first beginnings of feminism appeared in literature. A feminist writers work often portrays women as very strong and independent. Kate Chopin reveals her feminism throughout most of her works. In two of her works, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby†, feminism is expressed through journey two women take to escape to freedom from unsatisfying marriages. Neither of the husbands in either story are good representations of what a loving husband should be. Although, Mrs. Mallard nor Dà ©sirà ©e are physically abused, there are many different types of abuse. Their husbands’ abuse reveals in the control they had over their wives and†¦show more content†¦However, something awakens inside her, and she realizes what she and the marriage have become. With this understanding Dà ©sirà ©e knows she must leave to be free; she â€Å"disappeared among the reeds and willows that grew thick along the banks of the deep, sluggish bayou† (Chopoin 164). Her escape from the marriage may not be the easiest, but Dà ©sirà ©e chooses freedom. The freedoms of both women did not come easy, but they did at least come. Both stories are assumed to be tragedies, because the means by which these women escape are not the most pleasant. Chopin did not intend for this to be true though. Mrs. Mallard’s death should be celebrated, because it is understood that if her husband lives, she cannot. Mrs. Mallard’s death is her way of finally becoming alive and free. Although choosing to die, she ascends to a much happier place than earth. The very last sentence of the story says that Mrs. Mallard died â€Å"of joy that kills† (Chopin 161). The phrase is a play on words, because Mrs. Mallard really died in despair. While Mrs. Mallard did not die of joy, she is finally be truly happy now. Dà ©sirà ©e’s escape differs from Mrs. Mallard’s. Dà ©sirà ©e might not know where she will end up, but she leaves her husband’s overbearing ways of life. It is not known if Dà ©sirà ©e lives or dies, bu t it can be assumed that she reaches a better place either way. Chopin views both escapes from the wives’

The Enlightenment Set the Stage for New Imperialism

New imperialism was the mid nineteenth and twentieth centuries cultural equivalent to a modern day mafia, its roots entangled in the economic, cultural, and humanistic aspects of life. The sole objective of the nations entailed the exploitation of their controlled state. Gestating from the change in control of Asian and African nations to the Europeans by means of political deviance, malicious sieges, and strategic military attacks. The juxtaposition to the modern equivalent endures as the aforesaid is sheltered by the fairytale that these nations were in need of aid and by doing so the Europeans were the good guys. The ideas of new imperialism are greatly influenced by those of the enlightenment. Taking place during the eighteenth and†¦show more content†¦An account of the extreme dependence on the slave trade is that of the Robin Johns. Brothers who endured years of harsh conditions and experienced the nefarious realities of the trade firsthand, yet they continued to tra de slaves upon returning home as free men; justified only by their strong ties to Britain and their unique skills (Sparks, 147). The enlightenment formed a pretense of universalism, while new imperialism furthered the fairytale. Tabula Rosa, meaning blank slate, was a term John Locke used to convey the ability to convert people through the influence of the environment around an individual (Genova, 1/13). This was used during new imperialism as a scapegoat. Nations set out on civilizing missions in order to disguise their imperialist nature. Furthermore, The White Mans Burden was a written work that was used to rationalize destroying cultures and creating satellite nations, because it was their burden to help the people of the less sophisticated nations. This aid was in the form of forced colonization, imbalanced trade, and forced slavery. For example, the Portuguese set out on their mission of new imperialism to gain trade and slaves (Genova, 2/15). Stemming from universalism, imp erialist nations pursued the enlightenment idea of social Darwinism. Which equated to survival of the fittest, not only were the subject of Darwin’s original experiment animals, theShow MoreRelatedThe Ritual Of Sacrificial Suicide1006 Words   |  5 PagesKing’s command, but the King humiliated her so Sati set fire to herself and bore a sacrifice to defend her honor. The custom of sati persisted in the subcontinent for centuries and in fact persists to today. A widow immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre or committing suicide one or another way is seen as a symbol or marital felicity and longevity, as specified by Hindu scriptures. 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Taxation Law Journal of Economy and Society

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law for the Journal of Economy and Society. Answer: Part 1 A brief overview of this part discusses about one Peta who purchased a house in a place called Kew. The house comprised of two old tennis courts at the back and their condition was considerably poor. Petas main aim was to live in the house and also had in mind an aim of building three units within the tennis court and finally makes a sale on them at a profit (Artz 2010). The part in question mentions that, the tennis club offered to buy the old tennis courts from Peta in the current tax year once they are remunerated. The money for remuneration is estimated at a total of $ 100,000. Once the tennis courts were made better, Peta sold them to the new tennis club at a total of $ 600,000 Discussion whether the receipt of 600,000 is an ordinary income under section 6-5 Section 6-5(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997 outlines an inclusion of assessable income and income that is earned according to an ordinary or usual concepts (Blundell and MaCurdy 2009). The section in question explain that income earned with respect to ordinary concepts is not defined but rather given the consideration that it is the amount to which people would consider to be an income or that which is incorporated with the common law concept of income . On the same note, the discussion on ordinary income can also be determined on the following grounds; income that is generated from personal exertion for example that of salary and wages (Cassidy 2016). The other ground of determining the same is on income generated from property, for example interest, rent and dividends. The final area is on income that is made out of a business. After ignoring the capital gains as provided for in the question in context, it is clear with regards to information related to ordinary income above, that the receipt of $ 600,000 is an ordinary income under section 6-5 (Chetty, Looney and Kroft 2009). This is because; this receipt includes both the initial amount of money that was invested in resurfacing the tennis courts as well as building new fences around them and the income earned as interest. The section in question argues within the provisions of Income Tax Assessment Act of 1997 that an income that is earned from property like in the case of Peta where she has earned reasonable income from the selling of the two tennis courts to a tennis club next door is reffered to as profit. Being that, the ITAA of 1997 under section 6-5 regards that money earned or income generated in this manner is under ordinary income, I confirm the same for the receipt of $ 600,000 given to the individual in question on of this task by the tennis club next door (Barkoczy 2016) . Part 2 The question in context is about one Alan who is employed at a propriety limited company known as ABC. It is mentioned that at the time of his employment, he engaged in negotiations with the company in a number of areas. The areas included the following; salary of about $ 300,000, an additional payment of his mobile bill at $ 220 every month and this must also include GST (Drago and Lovell 2011). The employment of Alan is also covered to be a 2 year contract whereby he is required to make payments every month for unlimited usage of his phone. ABC propriety Limited Company has also made easier Alans spending easier by providing him with the latest mobile phone handset which is estimated at a cost of $ 2000, with the inclusion of GST. Finally, it is mentioned that at the end of the year, ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant at a total cost of $ 6,600 including GST, and the dinner brought on board 20 employees (Feldstein 2009). Advice to ABC on its FBT consequences that may arise out of the explained, including any calculation of any FBT liability for the year ending 31st March 2016. FBT is an abbreviator terminology for Fringe Benefits Tax and it is incorporated in the Income Tax Act 2004 under section CX 2. This form of tax is interpreted to be the amount of money that is paid to either a person or an employee, other than wages and salary (Frank 2001). With regards to scheme of legislation, this particular tax is stipulated to only exist in an environment where there is an agreement of provision for a benefit by an employer to an employee in line with their necessary Income Tax Assessment Act (Gruber and Saez 2002). The main advice that I would offer to ABC Company with respect to the consequences that may arise from its fringe benefit tax, is to consider reducing the amount of money offered under the umbrella in context. According to the question, the amount of money paid to Alan as fringe benefit tax is quite huge and this may affect the companies profit margin. For example, Alan is offered to payments for his mobile bills of $220 per month (Frank 2001). This particular payment also includes Goods and Services Tax which is abbreviated as GST. Not only does the FBT ends there, but it also assures Alan of an additional $ 20,000 every year as an amount of money paid to Alan children for school fees. This money is not only much on the side of the company as far as sustenance is concerned but it is also outrageous. Other than the mentioned, FBT generally is a benefit made to the employee by an employer under certain terms of agreements but this does not limit it to cases related to taxes. This money is also taxed; it was argued by prominent scholars in the field of business in the past that the tax accrued from FBT is usually allocated to the federal government. The main point that I am trying to bring on board is that, this money is assessable to taxation and this may increase the companys final tax offer. The only money that is exempted from taxation is that amount that is offered on grounds of entertainment (Infanti 2015). A good example is on the case where at the end of the year, the company in context hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for its employees whose number was estimated to 20 employees. The total cost of this particular dinner was viewed to be roughly $ 6,600 after inclusion of the GST (Khuong and Tien 2013). The fact that GST is included does not guarantee that FBT is applicable. Though both operate on grounds of taxation, they are still different with different provisions and stipulation in the Income Tax Assessment Act. This explanation warrants me my second advice to the company in context, the second advice that I would give is for the company to find a way of reducing the amount of money spent in the dinners especially those held on an annual basis (Linz and Semykina 2013). This they can only achieve by reducing the number of employees and coming up with methods that reduces extra expenses. This will save the money at a greater extent that would be included as GST. It is usually recommended that companies develop systems that can regulate their spending but earns them much interest. The huge spending of ABC Company can also be explained in terms of calculations of the actual figures. FBT Liability= All the amount of money that is paid to Alan as an extra expense apart from his salary. Since the FBT liability is calculated with respect to ABC Company, the liability will encompass the money that is also spent in the end year dinner. It is thus wise for the company in context to come up with policies and legislations that will reduce its spending on a number of areas (McMahon 2015). Going further, if the aspect of input tax credit is brought on board, which is the credit that is paid for tax paid on input in relation to any GST inclusive acquisition, the spending margin of the company would rise up. This is because the Alan is guaranteed of a number of inputs informing of money apart from his normal salary. Therefore taxation rate will automatically show a positive deviation. Issue on input tax credits in relation to any GST-inclusive acquisition On the same point, the GST inclusive acquisition in this particular case is pegged on the latest mobile phone handset that was bought to Alan by ABC Company. This handset cost incurred by the company was $ 2,000. Though this is an example of FBT, it is majorly a demonstration of goods and services tax, thereby proving a fact of extra taxable amount (Neumer 2015). (b) How there would be a difference in my answer with regards to ABC Company, if the company is entitled to 5 employees If the number of employees is reduced to 5 employees, my answer would show much difference especially in finance related areas. This will be explained from two points of view. The first point of view to offer an explanation from is in line with the question requirement towards the end. The company as mentioned previously that it hosted an end year dinner at a local restaurant known as Thai for all its 20 employees. The dinner expense for the employees in context was estimated at an amount of $ 6, 600. It is of of question that if the number of employees is reduced to 5, then there would be great difference in terms of the end year dinner preparation cost in the restaurant in question. Even if the company opts for another restaurant, the expense wont be high. The other way on how my answer would differ if there are 5 employees would be but that they are entitled to all the benefits and other good deals made to Alan. This would greatly infringe the economic status of ABC, since it will be subjected to offering much extra expenses that in the end would cost the companys financial status (Prescott 2004). (c) How the answer provided in (a) would show difference if the clients of ABC also attended the dinner that was celebrated at the end of the year It goes with no doubt, that there are expenses involved in a dinner; the expense that was spent by ABC Company in preparation of the previous dinner was $6,600. If the clients are brought on boards as well, there is a likelihood of heavy spending being made at the dinner. The company first includes the initial amount of money spent on employees then an additional amount of money that may be five times the initial amount is likely to be incurred as well. It is in this area where the point of difference will be noted and the end result may not go well with the financial status of ABC (Shiller 2009). Nevertheless, the amount of money that is spent in the dinner under the Income Tax Assessment Act of 2004, the stipulation given is that the money is suppose to be exempted from the view of an FBT but an application of GST is mandatory. The point on insinuation in this particular context is that, yes, this money may not be treated as fringe benefit tax because it is meant for entertainment as provided in the relevant acts and stipulation, the money has to be tasked. This will again increase the companys rate in terms of the goods and services tax that it going to incur from the dinner. Once this tax amount rises above that of the normal case that was incurred in A, the difference in finances will be noted (Saez 2001). It is therefore important for companies and business organizations to adopt policies, methods and other ways that are aimed at reducing cost. This will increase the companys profit margin as opposed to the explanation shown in part (c) of question two. Conclusion In conclusion, the tax in question has greatly touched on a number of key areas within the provisions or the question requirements. These provisions include those of FBT and GST. Other than question one, the two have been greatly discussed in question two with regards to its concerns. Finally, a number of contrasts have been made especially in the second part to give further understanding of both FBT and GST. References Artz, B., 2010. The impact of union experience on job satisfaction. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 49(3), pp.387-405. Blundell, R. and MaCurdy, T., 2009. Labor supply: A review of alternative approaches. Barkoczy, S. (2016).Foundations of Taxation Law. 8th edition. Sydney: CCH Australia Handbook of labor economics, 3, pp.1559-1695. Cassidy, J. (2016) Concise Income Tax, 10th Edition, Sydney: The Federation Press Chetty, R., Looney, A. and Kroft, K., 2009. Salience and taxation: Theory and evidence. The American economic review, 99(4), pp.1145-1177. Drago, R. and Lovell, V., 2011. San Franciscos Paid Sick Leave Ordinance: Outcomes for Employers and Employees. Feldstein, M., 2009. Tax avoidance and the deadweight loss of the income tax. Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(4), pp.674-680. Frank, R.H., 2001. Luxury fever: Why money fails to satisfy in an era of excess. Simon and Schuster. Gruber, J. and Saez, E., 2002. The elasticity of taxable income: evidence and implications. Journal of public Economics, 84(1), pp.1-32. Infanti, A.C. ed., 2015. Controversies in Tax Law: A Matter of Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Khuong, M.N. and Tien, B.D., 2013. Factors influencing employee loyalty directly and indirectly through job satisfactionA study of banking sector in Ho Chi Minh City. International Journal of current research and academic review, 1(4), pp.81-95. Linz, S. and Semykina, A., 2013. Job satisfaction, expectations, and gender: Beyond the European Union. International Journal of Manpower, 34(6), pp.584-615. McMahon, M.J., 2015. Rethinking Taxation of Privately Held Businesses. Available at SSRN 2500476. Neumer, S.M., 2015. Section 337" Property". Trading in Stocks during Liquidation: Income Tax: Corporate Distributions. Stanford Law Review, pp.970-976. Prescott, E.C., 2004. Why do Americans work so much more than Europeans? (No. w10316). National Bureau of Economic Research. Saez, E., 2001. Using elasticities to derive optimal income tax rates. The review of economic studies, 68(1), pp.205-229. Shiller, R.J., 2009. The new financial order: Risk in the 21st century. Princeton University Press.

Witchcraft Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft Essay WITCHCRAFT: WHAT IS IT REALLY? For my final project, I choose the non-ordinary topic of witchcraft. I was not and am not, interested in researching this to learn how to become a witch and to practice the craft. My intent in doing this project stemmed from the fact that I am a Christian. This class has showed me how to have a more open mind, and how gaining knowledge provides understanding. I wanted to see what is fact and what is false about the myths and stereotypes about witches and witchcraft. To fully explore this subject I have found information on the history of witchcraft and its evolution into the religion of Wicca that is practiced today. I have also looked into how the media today and in the past has presented witches and the type of propaganda that they use that further in the falsehoods that still are present about the craft. Another aspect of my project is two interviews that I conducted with people associated with witchcraft, Meghan Lewis and Carol Karlsen. Witchcraft t he religion is quite old. Practices have said to be dated back to Neolithic â€Å"Stone Age† cave painting, but it is hard to be completely certain if the pictures have been interpreted properly. Witchcraft is known to have grown out of pre-Christian pagan beliefs. The beliefs have developed over the years, being taken from various sources. The idea of witchcraft took a major turn around the end of the mid-evil period. Around the 1500’s the religion of witchcraft no longer become accepted. The Catholic Church in Europe began inquisitions and the persecutions of people they believed to be witches. Before this time the definition of a witch had a person such as a healer or sorcerer/sorceress. Often the people who were known as witches were â€Å"wise folk† or â€Å"good witches.† They were often old, and believed that their knowledge of herbs used in medicine was due to their age. Starting in about the thirteenth century the concept of what a witch was chan ged that a person who was called a witch was believed to have it in with Satan and practicing evil. The idea of there being good witches was no longer accepted, and a series of witch trials began to continued on until around the end of the 1600’s, spreading from Europe to the New World of America. Execution of accused witches occurred in many counties throughout Europe. Some of common things that witches were blamed for causing were destructive storms; non-producing crops or animals, diseases, sterility, death, possession of humans and making them do outrageous acts. The Romans and Greeks were also known to put some people to death for being witches. People who were in witches in those societies were believed to move around at night causing the evils of humanity. In most of Europe, though, a witch was someone who was conspiring with the devil, which during the mid-evil times was a great offense. The people of this era were very devout in their religion, and the devil was high ly feared. To have a person who was supposed to be connected to the devil was something that just could not be accepted. Some of the first executions in Europe that occurred for the crime of witchcraft took place between the years of 1347-1400 in France. Sixty-seven were burned for being involved with the craft. In the 1400’s, the Catholic Church became a key player and influencer in the persecution of witches. It was declared by the church that witchcraft was a â€Å"hostile threat† to Christianity and that a crackdown on the ending the practice was necessary. It was at this time that the idea that witches were agents of the devil became a common belief. They were suspected by some to be on earth to do evil on God’s people. Much of how one would be declared a witch was based upon a book commissioned by the Pope. It was written by two monks, Heinrich Kraemer and Jacob Sprenger, and is entitled â€Å"malleies malificarum† or â€Å"The Witches’ Hamm er.† It outlined various aspects that were considered against that were a crime to be participating in, and defined someone as a witch. Witchcraft was be outlawed in England in the year 1541, and in 1604, capital punishment became the ramification for a person who was a witch or pagan. The inquisition of witches continued to occur in Europe throughout the 1500’s and 1600’s. In 1515, more than five hundred charged witches were executed in Geneva. In 1589, one hundred and thirty-three men, women and children were burned in one day for being witches. Between the years of 1591 and 1600, three hundred were put to death in Switzerland. Also, in Sweden, during the time between 1674-1677, seventy-one were burned for suspected involvement in the craft. The people who were put to death often went through much torture before their lives were finally ended. The mid-evil times in Europe are somewhat known for the variety of tortures and devices used on people when accused of various crimes. Some of these punishments that accused witches would be subjected to include: thumbscrews, the rack, and boots that were made to break the person’s legs. The accused were often deprived sleep and food as well, while awaiting their inevitable death. Many times the person accused of witchcraft were subjected to these tortures because they would not confess. They would be continually put through pain until they declared participating in witchcraft, and then they would die. The situation was no win, many would die from torture, and if they didn’t then they would confess and die because for that reason. Two famous trials that took place in Europe are that of Joan of Arc and Urbain Grandier. Joan of Arc was accused of heresy and witchcraft. She admitted to hearing voices that she claimed belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria, and St. Margaret. She also declared that these voices instructed her to help in the Hundred Years’ War. Though he r involvement actually turned the war in Frances favor, she was put in trial for the wearing of masculine attire and for acting on God and not for the Catholic Church. She was burned at the stake for her â€Å"crimes.† Twenty-five years after her burning, the church revoked the decision, declaring her innocent, and a heroine due to her assistance in the war. Urbain Grandier was a respected priest in the town of Loudun, France. He was prosecuted for the crime of sorcery, evil spells, and causing the possession of Ursuline nuns at a convent in his town. The accusations by these women were the focus of his charge. They suddenly began barking, screaming, contorting they bodies out of pain, and participating in acts of blaspheme. When asked, they stated that Garndier was the reason for their outrageous actions. At his trial, seventy-two people testified to have witnessed his â€Å"witchcraft† actions, and based upon these testimonies he was burned alive. Studying the cause after the fact, it has been stated by many that the real reason for Garndier being accused had nothing to do with him actually being involved with witchcraft. Many historians believe that he was highly associated with politics and was not liked, and murdered due to this. They believe that the nuns’ actions were part of a conspiracy with higher government officials in the town. With this snowballing effect of witchcraft inquisitions throughout Europe, it was bound to spread across the seas to the young New World colonies. The small village of Salem would be the one to get hit. The events that took place in Salem are a part of American history that have lived throughout the years, and are still studied to this day. Salem Village was the first European settlement in what is now called Danvers, Massachusetts. Salem Village developed into its own entity and parish from breaking off the already existing Salem Town when a group of farmers moved to this area petitioning for its indep endence. This occurred in 1689, and the village became established with its church led by the Reverend Samuel Parris. The beginning of the accusations occurred because of the daughter and niece of Rev. Samuel Parris. In the winter of 1692, nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams suddenly seemed to fall ill. They began displaying unexplainable and frightening behaviors. The girls would dive under furniture, contort their bodies in painful positions, claim that they were being bit and poked by some unseen force, bark, scream gibberish, and claim to see frightening apparitions. Other girls in the neighboring homes started experiencing these same symptoms. These girls included eleven-year-old Ann Putman, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, and Mary Warren, making the total number inflicted eight. The town called in Dr. William Griggs to examine the girls, and hopefully get an explanation for their outrageous behaviors. Even befo re the doctor’s assessment of the girls’ condition, there were rumors going around the village that witchcraft may be the cause. These are partly attributed to a book that had been recently published by Cotton Mather. It was entitled â€Å"Memorable Providences,† and told the tale of a woman in Ireland that had been possessed by a witch. The woman’s behavior in the book was similar to that displayed by the infected girls. After Dr. Griggs fully examined the girls, and tired various methods to cure them, he had no answer. In the meantime, the disease seemed to be spreading with some adults being infected. He finally suggested that the supernatural might be at play in the cases of these little girls. The individuals living the Salem Village were strict Puritans. Some of the behaviors that the girls were exhibiting were scaring the community, and causing many to believe somehow the devil was involved. Many of the people in the village were convinced that wit chcraft and Satan were coming to breakdown this God-fearing town. From the assertion by the doctor, and already existing opinions that witchcraft was the cause, the accusations began. Parris and Williams made the first allegations of specific persons being participating in witchcraft and causing the epidemic that was taking place in the town. The girls accused three women, Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn. Tituba was a Caribbean woman that worked as a slave to the Parris family. She had been suspected by many as a witch due to the different beliefs of her native culture. Sarah Good was an old beggar woman that some would consider a social outcast. Sarah Osborn was also an old woman known for being quarrelsome and for not attending church on a regular basis. These three women were placed in jail and schedule for trials of witchcraft in March. After these first condemnations, many more followed, with the jails filling up more and more everyday. As the number of people in jail incr ease, the less likely it seemed that some should be there. Others accused included the very pious and frail Rebecca Nurse; Martha Corey, wife of a successful farm; Deliverance Hobbs; Bridget Bishop, owner of a house of brothel; Sarah Cloyce; Goodwife Proctor, wife of a rich farmer and Mary Easty. Also, the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good, Dorcas, would be accused of being tied to witchcraft as well. Three of the girls had complained that they were bitten by Dorcas’s specter. It soon turned that it wasn’t just females being implicated, some males were said to witches. The wealthy Phillip English and George Burroughs, a former pastor in Salem joined the women in confinement. The first of the accused to confess to witchcraft was the Parris’s slave Tituba. She said in her testimony that she had met a man that sometimes would appear as a dog or hog, and he would ask her to sign his book to do work for him (the devil). She declared that she was a witch, and that she, Good and Osborn had flown in the air over the poles. More and more trials, confessions, and denials followed this initial act by Tituba. When the women would come into the courtroom the girls would scream and say that they were being hurt, or other various horrid things by the â€Å"witch† When it was all over, nearly 25 died. Sarah Osborn died in prison; Sarah Good, Bridget Bishop, Rebecca Nurse, George Burroughs, Martha Corey, Mary Easty were all hanged; and the husband of Martha Corey, Giles, was pressed to death under two heavy stones which took a period of two days. He and his wife were the last victims of the witch-hunt that had become an epidemic in this little village of Salem. Early Autumn of 1692 brought an ending to this awful period in American history. Many doubts were starting to develop in people of the town due to the social stance of some of the accused held. Increase Mather published a book entitled â€Å"Cases of Conscience† which argued the mor als behind what had been taking place over the past few months. There are many theories that have developed since the end of the witch trials of Salem. These ideas have also come up in the study of the witch-hunts in Europe. Where people making this up? Where their social reasons that they wanted certain murdered and used witchcraft as the mode? As one can see, over this period the concept of what a witch was become skewed from the original definition. During the times between the 1300’s to the late 1600’s, the practice of religion of witchcraft became somewhat of a secret society. What these secret witches were practicing was not in the same form that the church categorized witchcraft as. After the late 1600’s, witchcraft remained a quiet practice by its followers. Then, in 1897, and book was written entitled â€Å"Aradia† or The Gospel of the Witches,† by Godfrey Liland. Though it went unnoticed, it was a beginning of resurgence of the true religi on of witchcraft in society. About fifteen to twenty years after Liland’s novel was publish an Egyptologist, Dr. Margaret Alice Murray, discovered some documents on witchcraft. Information in these records stated that witchcraft was actually a mix of ancient, pre-Christianity, nature/fertility based religion. Murray furthered researched this information to find it to be true. She went on to study the laws that the church had implemented during the times of the witch-hunts. In researching the information on the this topic she found evidence supporting the validity that witchcraft has nothing to do with Satan, and that they churches knew this the entire time. She published her findings in a work called â€Å"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.† These works initiated the reformation of the craft and its ability to be practiced by people without fearing for their lives. Modern witchcraft, or the general term, Wicca, has many forms and has evolved from different areas. This c hart shows the basic evolution of witchcraft. Many new-age practices of Wicca are based off the beliefs established by Aleistel Crowley. An outline of his doctrines was presented in his biography and provided a basis for many who were seeking a form of witchcraft to practice. From his basic concepts grew what is known as â€Å"Gardinerian† style of Wicca. Gerald Brosseau Gardner, a follower of Crowley, developed it. The â€Å"Alexandian† style was begun by Alex Sanders, and has many of the same concepts that are practiced by the Gardinearian witches. Miriam Simos, or Starhawk, is the founder of the feminist Wicca in the United States. She runs an organization known as The Covenant of the Goddess, which combines feminism and the Gardinerian style. Though there are many different styles of Wicca one could practice, there are many basic concepts that are consistent in most of the different types. Many of the basic beliefs of witchcraft counteract the myths and stereotypes the today’s society has about what witchcraft is. A witch can be male or female, and is defined as one who practices Wicca. Witchcraft is a nature religion, not unlike that of shamanism, and is considered pagan religion. With this concept of worshipping nature, witches believe in the idea of dualism. What this means is that they believe that everything in nature, including humans, has a male and female (this can be related to Christianity’s good/evil concept). The God and The Goddess of Wicca represent the male/female aspect of nature. These are what witches worship; so when one asks if a witch believes in God, the answer is yes, but as a creative force and not in the Christian sense. The Goddess of Wicca represents the continuation of existence in nature and she has three forms. The first is Herodias, or The Maiden who is the symbol of birth and beginning. One who worships this form of the goddess must be a virgin, but one who follows The Maiden is said to have the i nnocence of perception and stronger psychic abilities. The second form is Diana Gaia, or The Mother. She represents life in its’ prime. Her followers learn to use sex as a power source and don’t have the â€Å"blind spots† that sometimes occur from having a perception of innocence. The final form is Hecate, Anatha, or The Crone. She is believed to represent death and ending. Witches that follow the path of The Crone gain wisdom and objectivity that comes with age. The God of Wicca is the symbol of the male element of nature; he represents cycles, that of a year (birth, life, death and re-birth). He is believed to born to The Goddess, and dies on all hallows’ eve each year. Some types of Wicca believe that The God has three forms-the blue God of spring, the green God of summer, and the brown God of fall. As one can see, witches do not worship the devil. In the morals of the craft, there actually is no incentive for witches to do evil work, and they do not worship any evil entities at all. A basic concept of Wicca is that of the â€Å"Three-Fold Law,† which says that whatever you do comes back to you three times, so witches only want to do good. Another basic aspect in Wicca is that of the rede. It states â€Å" An’ye harm none, do what ye will.† What this is saying, is that witches do not believe in harming anyone or anything, and so as long as a witch practices that idea they can do what they want. Witches do practice magick and spells, but not in the sense that most think of them. Spells are related back to strong prayer for something. Magick in Wicca is the effect of a spell. There are often magick referred as black and white. Many witches do not like these terms; but the basic idea that white magick is done with a general intent of good and black magick is done with the intent to effect the free will of someone specifically. For example, black magick could be trying to make a person fall in love with you. Wit ches do use tools in their spells/prayers that they believe hold powers in aiding them with they work. This is much like that of the shamans as well. Some basic tools and symbols are used by most that practice Wicca. The Pentagram or Pentacle is a five-pointed star in an upright, one-point up position. It is known as the symbol of witchcraft. The top point symbolizes the creator ruling the four elements of nature, air-love, fire-knowledge, water-wisdom and the earth-truth. The circle enclosing the star stands for the Deity. Other tools include candles of various coloring representing different things. The anthame is a dagger (dull, not used to cut) used to center energy when performing a spell. The wand is used in spells to invoke the energy of The God or The Goddess. The cauldron is used in many rituals especially during various holidays. The censer is an incense burner that is used in offerings to the Deities. The Book of Shadows is created by all witches and holds a witch’ s rituals, spells, dreams, and anything important to their practice. Witches also have various statues, icons, jewels, and still other various things that old special meaning to them. Another aspect of Wicca is the holidays that most witches celebrate. The most well known, but not by this name is, Samhain. It occurs on October 31, and is the eve of the Celtic New Year and first day of Winter. It is believed that on this night the line between the material world and the spiritual world is the easiest to cross over. Yule occurs on December 21 or 22, and is the night of the winter solstice. The God is re-born to bring light and warmth back to the earth. Imbold (Candlemas) fall on February 2 and is in celebration of the first stirrings of the year. It is also in celebrating of the three phases of The Goddess. There is also Ostara on March 21 or 22 serving as a reminder that light and dark are in balance. Still other holidays include Beltane, Litha, Lammas, and Mabon all representing a c elebration in a change in nature or of The God or The Goddess. All of these facts of Wicca are just a basic understanding of what in religion entails. Most witches believe that your practice is what you make of it yourself, and what you want to believe is fine as long as it if for your own purpose and done out of good. When studying the history and the facts of witchcraft, I took a personal interest in the effects of the history of witchcraft on its view in popular culture. Witches are a common theme in many works of literature, TV programs and movies. Who hasn’t heard of the three witches of Macbeth that gave him his fate? There was also the popular program of Bewitched were Samantha was called a witch because she could cast the notion of what many thought was a spell, and also make things just appear when she wanted them too. Many times the stereotypes, in general, that are presented in the multi-media venue are taken from some truths in society. I feel that for witchcraft typecasts that are placed in witches in TV and the movies are just based upon popular culture and have no real backing. While doing this project I watched a couple shows that are on TV now that have witchcraft as a topic for the show. One show that is on is called Charmed; it is about three sisters who practice the craft. Some of information presented held true to that of what Wicca is, but some of was changed for entertainment purposes. Another program I viewed was Sabrina the Teenage Witch. The show is true example on how witches have gotten the label that they still have today. Sabrina, her two aunts and her cat are all witches. On this episode, they all can just cast spells at the drop of a hat to make things â€Å"magically† appear. Another aspect I noticed while doing this project was the reaction I received from people when I told them what my topic was. Many kind of looked at me weird, some asked if I believed it, and others inquired if I was learning how to cast spel ls. The impression that I got was there is a true ignorance in American culture to the knowledge of what true Wicca and witchcraft is today. When pondering why this is, I realized that much of that has to do with how witches are portrayed. No TV show or movie has ever accurately shown how Wicca is practiced because it wouldn’t be entertaining. It is easy to fuel the misconceptions what of witchcraft is. Some of this is understandable and unchangeable; we are never going to get rid of the woman dressed in black with a pointed hat and a wart on her nose as the traditional image of a witch. This project opened my eyes to how stereotypes and myths can be easily furthered by the media. Another personal aspect of this project is two interviews that I conducted with women associated to witchcraft. One was with a woman named Meghan Lewis, who practices worshipping nature, and believes in some of the Wicca concepts. The second interview was with Carol Karlsen, a professor in Womenâ₠¬â„¢s Studies at the University of Michigan. She is teaching a course in the history of witchcraft. These two interviews provided me with some opinions and personal aspects on witchcraft that I had not found in my previous research. Meghan Lewis is a woman that one can just tell is educated. She begins our first conversation wanting to know what I wanted kind of information I was interested in so she could prepare for the second time that we planned to talk and conduct the interview. In the process of the interview, I personally enjoyed just listening to her talk about her beliefs and views on witchcraft, or more so, nature based religion. She became interested in these kinds of beliefs when she took a six-week class in women’s spirituality. They focused on the theories of the native American religions and that of Celtic religion that interested her due to her Scottish and English ancestry. After this course, she began meditating at the Arb, and getting more in touch with nat ure. This began a reorientation of herself to nature and she began deriving power from nature. In speaking with Meghan, I could tell that she has done much work into the study of Wicca religion, and on the concept of worshipping nature. She says that she doesn’t necessarily practice Wicca, but she does practice many of the Wicca concepts. She informed me that Wicca is a Gaelic term that means to shirt awareness and to bend and change. In her spell work, or worship, she uses her paintings. She feels she can connect herself to nature through her paintings. She also believes in the power of will and works with the chakras of the body, on in particular being the abs, which symbolize the seed of will. She also defined her spell work as most of the information on Wicca I found did; it is work for a desired outcome, but not bad. That is actually one thing that hit me about Meghan, she was so calm and just seemed peaceful. This is just the feeling that I got over the phone; she had a very soothing voice and was very interested in helping me out with my project. Overall, the interview with Meghan gave me a personal look into someone who is practicing everything that I have read about while doing research for this project. It really showed me how one applies these beliefs to their everyday life. She also gave me the names of some books that I did not come across in my research that sound very interesting to read and I plan to try to pick them up. My interview with Carol Karlsen was extremely informative as well. She has spent a lot of time studying witchcraft, especially the woman’s aspect of it. She wrote a book that I actually came across in my research but wasn’t able to check it out, entitled â€Å"The Devil in the Shape of a Women.† What this book focuses on is the women and the girls of the Salem witch trials. I asked Karlsen what are her beliefs on the Salem trials, since the questions have come up to whether these girls were telling t he truth. She gave me an overview of what she has come to believe through her research. She thinks that there was something wrong with the girls. Some kind of psychological disturbance through fear of the devil, or something, may have been the actual cause, as she hypothesized. She also discussed the social standing of most of the women that were accused of the crime of witchcraft. She said that most were either the only daughter, widows with land, wives with sons, and wives with no children. Many were also old and not quite pillars of the society, yet some were, but then that goes back the theory of the social standing. She basically inferred is that there is a possibility that these women were put on trial as the cause of the girls’ illnesses as an excuse to kill them, or inhibit them from having the husbands’ land since it wasn’t accepted at them time for a women to own land and money. We also talked about the class that she teaches at the University that I h ope I can take in the future. This semester what is going to cover is what I have done here, but I am sure it will be further in depth with more concepts that I have been able to come up with for my project. She said that she is going to lecture on the history of European witchcraft, Salem, and then popular culture of witchcraft. That last aspect is what intrigued me the most while doing my project, so I truly hope I can someday take her class. When doing my research for this project I was stunned at the amount of information that is out there about witchcraft. I also found that there are so many different interpretations to what witchcraft really is, and it can almost be confusing at times. I did get everything I hoped out of doing this project. I wanted to learn about witchcraft because I didn’t really know what was true about it and what was false. I also realized that I wanted to know to be informed so that I feel comfortable having a view on a topic. One thing that I hav e learned through this class is just to be open to new ideas, even if you don’t plan on believing them I think it makes a person more well-rounded the more knowledge they have. I think it is ignorant for people to refuse to learn about psychic abilities, healing, or witchcraft based upon the reason they don’t believe in it. It often makes me wonder if they are so fickle in their beliefs, that reading about other things that are out there will change who they are. I know that I am a very firm Christian, but I am also very accepting of the other religions that are out there. One thing that I did discover in reading about the religion of Wicca is that many of the basic principles are the same just the specifics vary. I don’t use candles to pray, or worship gods of the earth, but I have my own beliefs and so do witches. The project gave me a unique experience and a very informative on into a topic that I had many misconceptions that have been absolved. Witchcraft an d Wicca has had its share of problems, but I have respect for people who stand up for their beliefs and support something even though its not considered part of the norm in today’s conforming society. Bibliography:Bibliography WORKS CITED Baker, Kevin. â€Å"The History of Wicca.† 1 December, 1999. http://www.spiritonline.com/wicca/history.html. Barstow, Anne Lyewellyn. Witchcraze. San Fransisco, CA: Pandora, 1994. â€Å"Best Witches.† 20 May, 1999. http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/jup/witches/qa/q137.htm Catala. â€Å"The Burning Times.† Catala Silvermoon. January 1997. 8 December, 1999. http://www.silvermoon.net/catala/burning/times.htm Godbeer, Richard. The Devil’s Dominion. New York, NY: Cambridge Press, 1992. Lea, Henry Charles, LL.D. History of Witchcraft. New York, NY: Thomas Yoseloff, 1957. Lee. â€Å"General.† The Truth about Witchcraft. February, 1998. 1 December, 1999. http://www.tgka.com/lee/wcraft.htm Lewis, Meghan. Telephone Intervie w. 13 December, 1999. Linder, Douglas. â€Å"An Account of the Events in Salem.† Famous American Trials. 1998. 2 December, 1999. http://www.law.umke.edu/faculty/Projects/ftrials/salem/SAL_ACCT.htm Mair, Lucy. Witchcraft. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1969. â€Å"What is a Witch?† Salem Tarot Page. 5 December, 1999. www.salemtarot.com/whatawitch.html â€Å"Wiccan Holidays.† The Salem Witch Village. 5 December, 1999. http://www.salemwitchvillage.com/sabbats.htm. â€Å"Witchcraft.† 1 December, 1999. http://topaz.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/witch.htm â€Å"Witchcraft_102FAQSheet.† 2 December, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2188/we102faq.htm â€Å"Witchcraft: A Brief History.† 1 December, 1999. Salem Wax Museum. http://www.salaemwaxuseum.com/twitch.htm â€Å"Witchcraft The Facts.† 6 December,1999. http://www.blast.net/norm3vog/prnt-it.html Word Count: 5188 .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .postImageUrl , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:visited , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:active { border:0!important; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:active , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution Why Not Legalize It Essay We will write a custom essay on Witchcraft specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now